Composed: 1798
Length: c. 35 minutes
Orchestration: flute, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, strings, and solo piano
First Los Angeles Philharmonic performance: March 18, 1954, Alfred Wallenstein conducting, with pianist Paul Badura-Skoda

The Piano Concerto No. 1 was actually the second of Beethoven’s mature piano concertos. It was first only in order of publication, evidently because he much preferred it to the earlier Concerto “No. 2.” It is a bigger, grander work in every way. Whereas the earlier Concerto was a drawing-room work, done with an orchestra so small that Beethoven could rehearse it in his apartment, the C-major Concerto is public music, written for the concert hall, with as large an orchestra as had ever been used in a piano concerto, complete with horns, trumpets, and timpani, and full of contrasts of loud and soft that are absent from his earlier Concerto.

Little is known about its origins; it may have been composed as early as 1795, but the first known performance was in a 1798 concert in Prague, in which Beethoven played both of his first two concertos. Another young pianist-composer, Jan Vaclav Tomaschek, heard the concert and later wrote:

“I admired his powerful, brilliant playing, but his frequent daring changes from one melody to another, putting aside the organic, gradual development of ideas, did not escape me. Evils of this nature frequently weaken his greatest compositions, those that sprang from a too exuberant conception. The listener is often rudely awakened... The singular and original seemed to be his chief aim...”

Tomaschek’s comments are a warning to those inclined to consider Beethoven’s early compositions as “mere” imitations of Mozart or Haydn (as if imitating them was an easy task). The C-major Concerto was a daring, challenging work to musicians used to the ordered logic that had governed music for a generation. Many moments that must have struck his contemporaries as oddly capricious pass unnoticed by modern audiences. In the first movement, after turning a tentative knocking motif into a boldly assertive first subject in C major, Beethoven plays tonal “peekaboo” with the second subject, introducing it on the violins in the unexpected key of E-flat, then having the winds interrupt and trying again in F minor, and then again in G minor on the way to G major, which was the “correct” key for a second subject. Episodes like this, which expand both the time-scale and harmonic structure of the music, raised eyebrows among schooled musicians in the 1790s.

The surprise in the A-flat-major slow movement is the orchestration. Removing the trumpets and drums was standard in concerto middle movements, but Beethoven also drops the flute and the oboes, leaving an orchestra of strings, bassoons, horns, and clarinets. This makes for a subdued, middle-heavy sound, and turns the highest wind instrument, the first clarinet, into a soloist.

The rondo finale is light-fingered and whimsical, marked Allegro scherzando to emphasize its playfulness.

— Howard Posner